西瓜炭疽病菌圆刺盘孢分生孢子产生条件的研究

为研究圆刺盘孢Colletotrichum orbiculare的分生孢子产生条件,通过改变培养基的成分、理化性状及培养条件等方法,进行了诱导产孢试验,并对所产生的分生孢子量进行测定。结果表明,C.orbiculare在西瓜茎叶煎汁培养基上25℃恒温黑暗培养30d可产生大量分生孢子,产孢量高达7.15×109个/m L。在显微镜下观察发现,病菌在西瓜茎叶煎汁培养基上和在西瓜茎秆病斑上产生的分生孢子在形态上存在差异,前者产生的分生孢子稍短和略宽,两端钝圆;而后者产生的分生孢子相对长而细,两端较尖。试验证明寄主西瓜茎叶成分对病菌分生孢子的产生具有明显促进作用。     

Bioprospecting of Saprobe Fungi from the Semi‐Arid North‐East of Brazil for the Control of Anthracnose on Sorghum

Anthracnose, caused by the hemiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum sublineolum, is one of the most important diseases affecting sorghum production worldwide. The main goal of this study was to select saprobe fungi from the semi‐arid north‐east of Brazil that could increase sorghum resistance to anthracnose and investigate this increased resistance at both physiological and biochemical levels. Plants were sprayed with Curvularia inaequalis, Gonytrichum macroladum, Memnoniella levispora, Pithomyces chartarum, Periconia hispidula, Phaeoisaria clematidia, Dictyochaeta heteroderae, Sarcopodium circinatum, Periconia byssoides, Moorella speciosa, Stachybotrys chartarum, Pseudobotrytis terrestres, Memnoniella echinata, Stachybotrys globosa and Gonytrichum clamydosporium 24 h before inoculation with C. sublineolum. Plants sprayed with water served as the control treatment. The area under the anthracnose progress curve was significantly reduced in comparison with the control treatment only for plants sprayed with C. inaequalis. Therefore, C. inaequalis was selected for physiological and biochemical evaluations. The peroxidases, chitinases and β‐1,3‐glucanases activities were significantly higher for plants sprayed with C. inaequalis and inoculated with C. sublineolum than for plants not sprayed with C. inaequalis and inoculated with C. sublineolum. There was no apparent decrease in the values of net carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance to water vapour or transpiration rate for plants sprayed with C. inaequalis and infected by C. sublineolum in comparison with plants not sprayed with C. inaequalis and infected by C. sublineolum. In conclusion, sorghum resistance against C. sublineolum infection was greatly potentiated by C. inaequalis without any apparent change in the photosynthetic capacity of the infected plants.     

Hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) control in rice (Oryza sativa) with the bioherbicidal fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene formulated in an invert emulsion

In greenhouse and field experiments, an invert emulsion (MSG 8.25) was tested with dried, formulated spores of the bioherbicidal fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, a highly virulent pathogen of the leguminous weed Aeschynomene virginica (northern jointvetch), but considered ‘immune’ against another more serious leguminous weed, Sesbania exaltata (hemp sesbania). A 1:1 (v/v) fungus/invert emulsion mixture resulted in 100% infection and mortality of inoculated hemp sesbania seedlings over a 21-day period under greenhouse conditions. In replicated field tests of the fungus/invert formulation conducted in Stuttgart, AR, and Stoneville, MS, hemp sesbania was controlled 85 and 90%, respectively. These results suggest that this invert emulsion expands the host range of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, with a concomitant improvement of the bioherbicidal potential of this pathogen.     

Bacillus velezensis strain HYEB5-6 as a potential biocontrol agent against anthracnose on Euonymus japonicus

Anthracnose is a foliar disease of the Euonymus shrub caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In this study, the bacterium HYEB5-6 was isolated from inside one-year-old branches of healthy Euonymus japonicus and showed significant antifungal activities against various phytopathogenic fungi, including C. gloeosporioides s.s. HYCG2-3, in dual culture experiments. The HYEB5-6 isolate significantly decreased lesion diameter and disease index caused by C. gloeosporioides inoculation on detached leaves of E. japonicus. The effects of HYEB5-6 metabolites on the invading structure of the fungus were investigated. Bacterial metabolites inhibited conidial germination, the growth of the germ tube and appressorium formation, possibly through protease and glucanase of HYEB5-6 by managing the mycelial cell wall. The HYEB5-6 isolate also produced a massive biofilm, which might facilitate leaf colonisation. These results indicate that HYEB5-6 has the potential for use as a biological control agent against C. gloeosporioides. The HYEB5-6 isolate was identified as Bacillus velezensis based on its biochemical characteristics and its 16S rRNA gene sequence.     

Genetic variability within isolates of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum belonging to race 65 from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of anthracnose in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), presents a wide genetic and pathogenic variability that gives rise to complications in the development of resistant bean cultivars. The aim of this study was to identify the variability within race 65 of C. lindemuthianum, the race most commonly encountered in Brazil, through randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and anastomosis analyses. Thirteen isolates of race 65, collected in different years and from various host cultivars located in diverse areas of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were investigated. Twenty-four RAPD primers were employed and 83 polymorphic bands amplified. Genetic similarities were estimated from the Sorensen-Dice coefficient and ranged from 0.54 to 0.82. The dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis classified the isolates into 11 separate groups. For the purposes of the analysis of anastomosis, isolates were considered to be compatible when the fusion of hyphae from different isolates could be observed. The proportion of compatible reactions for each isolate was estimated and similarity estimates, based on the Russel & Rao coefficient, ranged from 0.28 to 0.85. Isolates were classified into 11 anastomosis groups, 10 of which were formed by only one isolate. Although isolates LV61, LV73 and LV58 were classified in the same anastomosis group, they were genetically distinct according to RAPD analysis. Results from both RAPD and anastomosis analyses revealed great variability within C. lindemuthianum race 65.     

苹果炭疽叶枯病菌致病力分析及苹果种质抗病性鉴定

苹果炭疽叶枯病是由胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)引起的一种真菌病害,现已上升为世界苹果生产中的主要病害之一。了解不同来源的苹果炭疽叶枯病菌致病力差异及明确苹果种质资源对苹果炭疽叶枯病的抗性,对品种选育、品种合理布局以及控制病害的流行具有重要的参考价值。本研究对不同来源的79株病原菌进行了室内致病力测定,获知该菌致病力差异明显,其中强致病力菌株所占比例大。同时,本研究也对327份苹果种质资源进行了室内抗病性鉴定,其中高抗资源160份,中抗资源6份,中感资源22份,高感资源139份。表明我国现保存的苹果种质资源中存在丰富抗病种质。进一步按苹果分类系统分析发现,抗病资源在当前栽培的主要品种群中均有分布,特别是红玉品种群、富士品种群抗病资源最为丰富。     

炭疽病菌侵染对荔枝果实生理生化变化的影响

本研究测定了荔枝果实人工接种炭疽病菌后呼吸速率、乙烯释放量的变化和果皮氧化、过氧化作用以及与酚类代谢有关的几种酶活性的变化。结果表明,接种炭疽病菌的荔枝果实呼吸速率和乙烯释放量显著增高,果皮活性氧(O₂^·)产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低,过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性显著增高。说明炭疽病菌的侵染可导致荔枝果实呼吸速率和乙烯释放量的增高,加速荔枝果皮氧化和过氧化进程,并诱导荔枝果皮PPO、POD、PAL活性增高,是加速采收后荔枝果实衰老、褐变、腐烂的一个重要原因。     

内生真菌Colletotrichum sp. B501的寡糖提取物对黄花蒿发根中青蒿素生物合成的诱导

在黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)发根液体培养中,黄花蒿内生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum sp. B501)细胞壁寡糖提取物可促进发根青蒿素的合成.经寡糖诱导子(20 mg/L)处理4 d后,发根青蒿素含量达1.15 mg/g, 比对照高出64.29%.诱导作用与诱导子浓度、作用时间相关.诱导处理1 d后,X射线能谱分析表明黄花蒿发根细胞中Ca2+积累量显著增高,电镜观察发现液泡内出现高电子致密物,具活性氧清除作用的过氧化物酶表现出高活性(6.5 unit*min-1*g-1 FW).诱导处理第三天,细胞核DNA呈梯度条带降解,部分细胞出现程序化死亡.内生菌细胞壁寡糖提取物引起的生理反应有利于细胞中青蒿素的生物合成.     

珍珠李炭疽菌对三种杀菌剂的敏感性测定

由胶孢炭疽菌复合种(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex)引起的炭疽病是珍珠李(Prunus salicina Lind1)产业生产上的主要病害，为明确珍珠李炭疽菌对吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑和咪鲜胺的敏感性，比较不同地理来源及不同种炭疽菌对三种药剂敏感性差异。采用菌丝生长速率法分别测定三种杀菌剂对采自不同地区26株珍珠李炭疽菌的药剂敏感性。结果表明，供试的26株珍珠李炭疽菌对咪鲜胺的敏感性最高，EC₅₀值介于0.010 8～0.645 2μg/mL之间，平均值为(0.191 2±0.03)μg/mL;苯醚甲环唑次之，EC₅₀值介于0.165 8～2.168 0μg/mL之间，平均值为(0.725 8±0.088 0)μg/mL;吡唑醚菌酯最低，EC₅₀值介于0.058 3～84.566 0μg/mL之间，平均值为(6.276 3±3.525 5)μg/mL。供试的26株珍珠李炭疽菌整体对以上三种杀菌剂敏感，且对咪鲜胺的敏感性最高，苯醚甲环唑次之，对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性最...     

Best linear unbiased prediction of host-range of the facultative parasite Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. salsolae, a potential biological control agent of Russian thistle

Russian thistle or tumbleweed (Salsola tragus L.) is an introduced invasive weed in N. America. It is widely distributed in the US and is a target of biological control efforts.The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. f. sp. salsolae (CGS) is a facultative parasite under evaluation for classical biological control of this weed. Host-range tests were conducted with CGS in quarantine to determine whether the fungus is safe to release in N. America. Ninetytwo accessions were analyzed from 19 families: Aizoaceae, Alliaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cactaceae, Campanulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cupressaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Sarcobataceae, and Solanaceae and 10 tribes within the Chenopodiaceae: Atripliceae, Beteae, Camphorosmeae, Chenopodieae, Corispermeae, Halopepideae, Polycnemeae, Salicornieae, Salsoleae, and Suaedeae. These included 62 genera and 120 species. To facilitate interpretation of results, disease reaction data were combined with a relationship matrix derived from internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences and analyzed with mixed model equations to produce Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUPs) for each species. Twenty-nine species (30 accessions) from seven closely-related Chenopodiaceae tribes had significant levels of disease severity as indicated by BLUPs, compared to six species determined to be susceptible with least squares means estimates. The 29 susceptible species were: 1 from Atripliceae, 4 from Camphorosmeae, 1 from Halopepideae, 2 from Polycnemeae, 6 from Salicornieae, 8 from Salsolae, and 7 from Suaedeae. Most species in the genus Salsola, which are all introduced and weedy, were very susceptible and damaged by CGS. Statistical comparisons and contrasts of BLUPs indicated that these Salsola species were significantly more susceptible than non-target species, including 15 species from relatives in the closely-related genera Bassia (=Kochia), Nitrophila, Salicornia, Sarcocornia, and Suaeda. Of the 29 susceptible species, 10 native or commercially important species in N. America were identified as needing additional tests to determine the extent of any damage caused by infection.